认知科学
这老师身残志坚的给我们上课，真是太感人了。
考试
I. Philosophy of Mind & Consciousness
1. What is dualism and what solutions have been proposed?
什么是二元论？它的解决方案是什么？
它认为 body 和 mind 是两个本质不同的 entities。
解决方案有 materialism, idealism，functionalism 和 behaviorism 等。
它们试图解释心物之间如何互动。
2. What is dual interactionism and what did Descartes hold about the place of interaction?
什么是双向交互论？笛卡尔认为交互发生在什么地方？
它认为心灵与身体可以互相 influence。
笛卡尔认为交互发生在松果体（pineal gland）中。
3. What is the mind-body problem?
什么是心身问题？
mind 如何与 body 相互作用，或者 mind 是否独立于 body 存在。
II. Foundations of Cognitive Science
4. Characterize Cognitive Science! What is cognition?
认知科学的特点？什么是认知？
研究 mind 和 intelligence 的 interdisciplinary 研究。
认知是信息的 acquiring, processing, storage 和 using 的过程。
5. What is functionalism and what does it hold about the mind and the body?
什么是功能主义？它对心灵和身体有什么看法？
它认为 mental states 由其功能角色定义，而非物质构成。
心灵可以 realized in different substrates，只要功能相同。
6. What are qualia and what does functionalism hold about them?
什么是感质？功能主义对它们有什么看法？
qualia 是 subjective experiences 的 qualities。
功能主义通常被认为无法解释感质，因为它关注的是功能而非主观体验。
7. Characterize pain as a functional state
请将疼痛作为一个功能状态进行描述
它是引发 attention, harm avoidance 导致特定行为（如 screaming）的功能状态。不依赖于其物理实现。
📄 Putnam’s paper on Functionalism
III. Intentionality and Meaning
8. What is intentionality?
什么是意向性？
它是指 mental states to be directed at or about something.
比如思想可以关于某个对象或事件。
📄 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Intentionality
9. What is the difference between intrinsic and derived intentionality?
内在意向性和派生意向性有什么区别？
intrinsic intentionality is inherent to mental states, while derived intentionality is assigned by external factors.
10. What is the meaning of substrate independence?
什么是载体独立性？
心智状态不依赖于特定的 physical substrate，只要其 functional structure 相同。
11. Give an example of the problems of functionalism
举例一个功能主义的问题
“Chinese Room” 指出，即时功能相同，也未必拥有相同的 conscious experience。
IV. Social Cognition & Theory of Mind
12. What is Machiavellian intelligence? Mention a positive example
什么是马基雅维利式智能？举一个正面的例子
指 use of social manipulation to enhance survival. e.g. a child pretending to cry to get attention. 或者 A wants B to believe a false proposition.
2nd level in the intentional ladder, A wants B to believe that p
manipulation e,g, false belief induction
📄 Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis
V. Language & Learning
13. What are Chomsky’s ideas for natural language acquisition and their criticism?
乔姆斯基对自然语言习得的观点及其批评
language acquisition relies on innate abilities.
teaching input is insufficient and low in quality.
Critics argue：there is enough time, opportunities, infants recognizing teaching mode
arguments for motherese:
the teaching input is (utterances babies are confonted with)
too little
too „bad“ (low quality)
heavily criticized:
there is enough time, opportunities, „sessions“
quality is not bad, there is a „teaching mode“, recognized by preverbal infants
lowered voice, words are formed carefully (part of „a natural pedagogy“)
🔎 Search: Chomsky natural language acquisition
14. What is LoTH, the Language of Thought Hypothesis?
什么是思想语言假说？
mind operates through an internal language-like representational system.
15. What is methodological solipsism?
什么是方法论唯我论？
a research strategy that focuses solely on an individual’s mental states and inputs, ignoring the external world’s reality.
📄 Wikipedia: Methodological solipsism
16. What are Fodor’s reasons for LoT?
他支持 LoT 的理由是什么？
a. We need a logically structured system for thought;
b. Natural language has systematic and compositional properties;
c. Systematicity: understanding “John loves Mary” implies understanding “Mary loves John”;
d. Inferential coherence: reasoning can occur regardless of content.
(language is the only known system having properties a-d
3(4) reasons for adopting LoT:
(a. we want it !)
b. language has the properties a-d (and nothing else has them)
attacked, saying L does not have it.. e.g „poetical L“
c systematicity (propositions can yield other propositions, eg reversal.
„John loves Mary“ implies the capacity to understand „Mary loves John“. )
(d inferential coherence, that we can infer things regardless of content)
• c and d: „logic in language“
VI. Artificial Intelligence & Neural Networks
17. What is a(n artificial) neural network?
什么是（人工）神经网络？
brain-inspired computational models made of interconnected “neurons,” used for pattern recognition and learning tasks.
18. What is “graceful degradation“?
什么是“优雅降级“？
system maintaining partial functionality even when components fail.
🔎 Search: graceful degradation
19. What is a layered architecture like?
什么是分层架构？
architecture: input, hidden, and output layers, each processing data in sequence.
📄 Neural network architectures
20. What are Connectionism, PDP, and what is a deep neural network?
什么是连接主义、PDP 和深度神经网络？
cognition arises from networks of simple units
parallel distributed processing is a method of such processing
multilayered systems for complex learning.
📄 Connectionism
📄 Deep learning
VII. Perception, Will & AI
21. In perception, is there a reason to trust the subject?
在感知中，有理由相信主体吗？
Opinions vary: some trust subjective experience as a knowledge source, others stress potential errors and the need for external validation.
🔎 Search: perception trusting the subject
22. Tell the Wegner “I Spy” experiment and its findings
描述Wegner 的“I Spy”实验及其发现
Participants believed they made free choices, but were externally influenced. The study suggests the sense of agency may be post hoc and not based on actual causal control.
VIII. Computing History & AI
23. How did Babbage contribute to the history of computing?
它如何为计算机历史做出贡献？
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
idea of programmable mechanical computing
Father of the Computer
📄 Babbage on Wikipedia
Difference
Analytical
24. What are weak and strong AI and how are they related to cognition?
什么是弱人工智能和强人工智能？它们与认知有什么关系？
Weak simulates intelligent behavior without consciousness
strong can possess genuine understanding and awareness
machines can truly replicate human cognition.